ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess total usual nutrient intakes from foods and dietary supplements by age, sex, physical activity, and nutritional status, and to compare usual nutrient intakes to the Dietary Reference Intakes among non-users and users of dietary supplements in an urban population. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based survey with 506 adults conducted in the city of Brasília, Brazil, using 24h food recalls. The 24-HR was collected on two nonconsecutive days, for which individuals reported all food, supplements, and beverages consumed in the previous 24 hours. The estimates of mean and the distribution percentiles were adjusted to reflect usual nutrient intake using the Iowa State University method. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was estimated according to sex using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and values above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) were also considered. Also, a comparison was made of the total mean usual intake between supplement users and non-users according to BMI and physical activity. RESULTS: The total mean usual dietary intake was significantly higher among users than non-users of dietary supplements (p ≤ 0.02). Dietary supplement use increased intakes of nutrients and decreased prevalence of inadequacy according to sex, with only small (typically < 13%) increases in the population exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. There was a significant interaction between physical activity and BMI categories with supplement use. CONCLUSIONS: The population that consumes food supplements comprises individuals with more advanced age, female, normal BMI, and physically active. Our findings show that the use of supplements appears beneficial to attain nutrient adequacy. Careful monitoring of intake from food and supplements is recommended, and the statistical methods must be powerful enough to achieve relevant information.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess total usual nutrient intakes from foods and dietary supplements by age, sex, physical activity, and nutritional status, and to compare usual nutrient intakes to the Dietary Reference Intakes among non-users and users of dietary supplements in an urban population. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based survey with 506 adults conducted in the city of Brasília, Brazil, using 24h food recalls. The 24-HR was collected on two nonconsecutive days, for which individuals reported all food, supplements, and beverages consumed in the previous 24 hours. The estimates of mean and the distribution percentiles were adjusted to reflect usual nutrient intake using the Iowa State University method. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was estimated according to sex using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and values above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) were also considered. Also, a comparison was made of the total mean usual intake between supplement users and non-users according to BMI and physical activity. RESULTS: The total mean usual dietary intake was significantly higher among users than non-users of dietary supplements (p ≤ 0.02). Dietary supplement use increased intakes of nutrients and decreased prevalence of inadequacy according to sex, with only small (typically < 13%) increases in the population exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. There was a significant interaction between physical activity and BMI categories with supplement use. CONCLUSIONS: The population that consumes food supplements comprises individuals with more advanced age, female, normal BMI, and physically active. Our findings show that the use of supplements appears beneficial to attain nutrient adequacy. Careful monitoring of intake from food and supplements is recommended, and the statistical methods must be powerful enough to achieve relevant information.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo usual de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e sua associação com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a atividade física (AF), a idade e o sexo em adultos moradores de Brasília, Brasil. Métodos: Foram entrevistados 506 indivíduos com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos. A ingestão dietética foi avaliada utilizando dois recordatórios 24 h não consecutivos. As distribuições da ingestão usual de energia e de quantidade de AUP foram estimadas por meio do método da Universidade do Estado de Iowa, nos Estados Unidos. Empregaram-se modelos de regressão linear para verificar a associação de idade, IMC, AF e sexo com as proporções de consumo de AUP (%Kcal e %gramas). Resultados: A ingestão de AUP representou 9,2% do total de consumo alimentar em quantidade (gramas/dia) e 25% do total do consumo energético. Comparados com eutróficos, os sujeitos com obesidade consumiram maior percentual de AUP em gramas, e os indivíduos com sobrepeso apresentaram maior percentual de AUP em calorias. A quantidade de AUP na ingestão energética total foi menor por parte dos homens do que das mulheres, e a AF e a idade foram inversamente associadas com o consumo de AUP. Conclusão: Recomendam-se a monitorização da ingestão de AUP e a redução no consumo entre pessoas com sobrepeso, com obesidade e sedentárias. Métodos apropriados para avaliar a ingestão usual vão fortalecer as análises futuras de avaliação de AUP.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the usual consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and its association with body mass index (BMI), physical activity (PA), age, and sex in adults living in Brasília City, Brazil. Methodology: A total of 506 individuals aged ≥ 20 years old were interviewed. Dietary intake was assessed with two non-consecutive 24-h food recalls. The distributions of usual intakes of energy and the amount of UPF were estimated using the Iowa State University method. The association of age, BMI, PA, and sex with the proportions of UPF consumption (%Kcal and %grams) was investigated with linear regression models. Results: UPF represented 9.2% of the total dietary consumption (grams/day) and 25% of total energy intake. Compared to eutrophic, subjects with obesity consumed a higher percentage of UPF in grams, whereas subjects with overweight had a higher percentage of UPF in kilocalories. The share of UPF in energy intake was lower in male than female individuals, and PA and age were inversely associated with UPF consumption. Conclusion: Careful monitoring of intake of UPF is recommended. Its consumption should be reduced among people with overweight/obesity and sedentary individuals. Appropriate choices for methods to evaluate the usual distribution of intake will strengthen future analysis of UPF assessment.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo usual de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e sua associação com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a atividade física (AF), a idade e o sexo em adultos moradores de Brasília, Brasil. Métodos: Foram entrevistados 506 indivíduos com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos. A ingestão dietética foi avaliada utilizando dois recordatórios 24 h não consecutivos. As distribuições da ingestão usual de energia e de quantidade de AUP foram estimadas por meio do método da Universidade do Estado de Iowa, nos Estados Unidos. Empregaram-se modelos de regressão linear para verificar a associação de idade, IMC, AF e sexo com as proporções de consumo de AUP (%Kcal e %gramas). Resultados: A ingestão de AUP representou 9,2% do total de consumo alimentar em quantidade (gramas/dia) e 25% do total do consumo energético. Comparados com eutróficos, os sujeitos com obesidade consumiram maior percentual de AUP em gramas, e os indivíduos com sobrepeso apresentaram maior percentual de AUP em calorias. A quantidade de AUP na ingestão energética total foi menor por parte dos homens do que das mulheres, e a AF e a idade foram inversamente associadas com o consumo de AUP. Conclusão: Recomendam-se a monitorização da ingestão de AUP e a redução no consumo entre pessoas com sobrepeso, com obesidade e sedentárias. Métodos apropriados para avaliar a ingestão usual vão fortalecer as análises futuras de avaliação de AUP.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the usual consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and its association with body mass index (BMI), physical activity (PA), age, and sex in adults living in Brasília City, Brazil. Methodology: A total of 506 individuals aged ≥ 20 years old were interviewed. Dietary intake was assessed with two non-consecutive 24-h food recalls. The distributions of usual intakes of energy and the amount of UPF were estimated using the Iowa State University method. The association of age, BMI, PA, and sex with the proportions of UPF consumption (%Kcal and %grams) was investigated with linear regression models. Results: UPF represented 9.2% of the total dietary consumption (grams/day) and 25% of total energy intake. Compared to eutrophic, subjects with obesity consumed a higher percentage of UPF in grams, whereas subjects with overweight had a higher percentage of UPF in kilocalories. The share of UPF in energy intake was lower in male than female individuals, and PA and age were inversely associated with UPF consumption. Conclusion: Careful monitoring of intake of UPF is recommended. Its consumption should be reduced among people with overweight/obesity and sedentary individuals. Appropriate choices for methods to evaluate the usual distribution of intake will strengthen future analysis of UPF assessment.

Abstract The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of consumers and non-consumers, the reasons and foods associated with coffee intake among adults from the Federal District, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional population-based survey conducted by telephone interview (n= 1,368). We collected information on detailed coffee intake, socio-demographic aspects and personal characteristics. The coffee had an average daily intake of 319 mL. Individuals were more likely to drink coffee at an older age (68%) and with higher body mass index (58%). The most cited reason for consuming coffee was the “personal pleasure” (48%), followed by “habit / tradition” of consuming coffee. Among non-consumers of this beverage, the main reason was not liking the taste and / or aroma of coffee (62%). The method of coffee preparation used was by infusion (86%) and sugar was the main sweetener used by 83% of consumers. The majority of consumers (59%) reported consuming coffee with certain foods such as bakery products. The results from our study may suggest that the popularity of coffee can be attributed to its taste, personal pleasure and habit, and the consumption is more likely to occur with the advance of age and with intake of other foods.